Chiyambi

Ma VOC (Volatile organic compounds) amatulutsidwa ngati mpweya kuchokera ku zinthu zina zolimba kapena zamadzimadzi. Ma VOC amaphatikizapo mankhwala osiyanasiyana, ena mwa iwo omwe angakhale ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa pa thanzi kwa kanthawi kochepa komanso kwa nthawi yayitali. Kuchuluka kwa ma VOC ambiri kumakhala kokwera nthawi zonse m'nyumba (mpaka kuwirikiza kakhumi) kuposa panja. Ma VOC amatulutsidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zili m'zikwi.

Mankhwala achilengedwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati zosakaniza mu zinthu zapakhomo. Utoto, ma vanishi ndi sera zonse zimakhala ndi zinthu zosungunulira zachilengedwe, monganso zinthu zambiri zoyeretsera, kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, zodzoladzola, zochotsa mafuta ndi zinthu zina zosangalatsa. Mafuta amapangidwa ndi mankhwala achilengedwe. Zonsezi zimatha kutulutsa mankhwala achilengedwe pamene mukuwagwiritsa ntchito, komanso, pamlingo wina, akasungidwa.

Kafukufuku wa Ofesi ya Kafukufuku ndi Chitukuko ya EPA wa “Total Exposure Assessment Methodology (TEAM) Study” (Volumes I mpaka IV, yomwe inamalizidwa mu 1985) adapeza kuti kuchuluka kwa zinthu zodetsa zachilengedwe pafupifupi khumi ndi ziwiri kunali kokwera nthawi ziwiri kapena zisanu mkati mwa nyumba kuposa kunja, mosasamala kanthu kuti nyumbazo zinali kumidzi kapena m'madera omwe ali ndi mafakitale ambiri. Kafukufuku wa TEAM adawonetsa kuti ngakhale anthu akugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe zili ndi mankhwala achilengedwe, amatha kudziika okha komanso ena pamavuto akulu kwambiri, ndipo kuchuluka kwa zinthu kumatha kukhalabe mumlengalenga nthawi yayitali ntchitoyo itatha.

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Magwero a VOC

Zinthu zapakhomo, kuphatikizapo:

• utoto, zochotsera utoto ndi zinthu zina zosungunulira
• zosungira matabwa
• zopopera za aerosol
• zotsukira ndi zophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda
• mankhwala othamangitsa njenjete ndi opumulitsa mpweya
• mafuta osungidwa ndi zinthu zamagalimoto
• zinthu zosangalalira
• zovala zotsukidwa ndi dayamondi
• mankhwala ophera tizilombo

Zinthu zina, kuphatikizapo:

• zipangizo zomangira ndi mipando
• zida zaofesi monga makina osindikizira, makina okonzera zinthu ndi mapepala osindikizira opanda kaboni
• Zojambulajambula ndi zipangizo zaluso kuphatikizapo zomatira ndi zomatira, zizindikiro zokhazikika ndi mayankho ojambula zithunzi.

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Zotsatira za Thanzi

Zotsatirapo pa thanzi zingaphatikizepo:

• Kukwiya kwa maso, mphuno ndi pakhosi
• Mutu, kulephera kugwirizana bwino ndi nseru
• Kuwonongeka kwa chiwindi, impso ndi dongosolo lapakati la mitsempha
• Zina mwa zinthu zachilengedwe zimayambitsa khansa mwa nyama, zina zimaganiziridwa kapena zimadziwika kuti zimayambitsa khansa mwa anthu.

Zizindikiro zazikulu zokhudzana ndi kukhudzana ndi ma VOC ndi izi:

• kuyabwa kwa conjunctival
• kusapeza bwino mphuno ndi pakhosi
• mutu
• kuyankhidwa kwa khungu
• kupuma movutikira
• kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa cholinesterase m'magazi
• nseru
• kutulutsa madzi
• epistaxis
• kutopa
• chizungulire

Mphamvu ya mankhwala achilengedwe yoyambitsa mavuto pa thanzi imasiyana kwambiri, kuyambira omwe ali ndi poizoni kwambiri, mpaka omwe sadziwika bwino pa thanzi lawo.

Monga momwe zimakhalira ndi zinthu zina zodetsa, kukula ndi mtundu wa zotsatira za thanzi zimatengera zinthu zambiri kuphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zakhudzidwa ndi chilengedwe komanso nthawi yomwe zakhudzidwa. Zina mwa zizindikiro zomwe anthu ena adakumana nazo atangoyamba kukhudzana ndi zinthu zachilengedwe ndi izi:

• Kukwiya kwa maso ndi njira yopumira
• mutu
• chizungulire
• matenda a maso ndi kulephera kukumbukira

Pakadali pano, palibe zambiri zomwe zikudziwika bwino zokhudza zotsatira za thanzi zomwe zimapezeka m'nyumba chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zinthu zachilengedwe.

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Magawo m'nyumba

Kafukufuku wapeza kuti kuchuluka kwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe m'nyumba kumakwera kawiri mpaka kasanu kuposa panja. Pa nthawi ya ntchito zina monga kuchotsa utoto komanso kwa maola angapo mutachita zinthu zina, monga kuchotsa utoto, kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zili kunja kungakhale kokwera ka 1,000.

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Njira Zochepetsera Kuwonekera

• Wonjezerani mpweya wabwino pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe zimatulutsa ma VOC.
• Pezani kapena kupitirira zodzitetezera zilizonse zomwe zili ndi chizindikiro.
• Musasunge zidebe zotseguka za utoto wosagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zinthu zina zofanana mkati mwa sukulu.
• Formaldehyde, imodzi mwa ma VOC odziwika bwino, ndi imodzi mwa zinthu zochepa zoipitsa mpweya m'nyumba zomwe zingathe kuyezedwa mosavuta.
  • Dziwani, ndipo ngati n'kotheka, chotsani komwe kwachokera.
  • Ngati sizingatheke kuchotsa, chepetsani kuonekera kwa zinthu pogwiritsa ntchito chotsekera pamalo onse owonekera a mapanelo ndi mipando ina.
• Gwiritsani ntchito njira zothanirana ndi tizilombo tosiyanasiyana kuti muchepetse kufunikira kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
• Gwiritsani ntchito zinthu zapakhomo motsatira malangizo a wopanga.
• Onetsetsani kuti mukupereka mpweya wabwino wambiri mukamagwiritsa ntchito zinthuzi.
• Tayani zidebe zomwe sizinagwiritsidwe ntchito kapena zomwe sizikugwiritsidwa ntchito bwino; gulani zinthu zambiri zomwe muzigwiritsa ntchito posachedwa.
• Sungani pamalo omwe ana ndi ziweto sangafikire.
• Musasakanize zinthu zosamalira ana m'nyumba pokhapokha ngati zalembedwa pa chizindikirocho.

Tsatirani malangizo a chizindikiro mosamala.

Zinthu zomwe zingakhale zoopsa nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi machenjezo omwe cholinga chake ndi kuchepetsa kuwonekera kwa wogwiritsa ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, ngati chizindikiro chikunena kuti mugwiritse ntchito mankhwalawa pamalo opumira bwino, pitani panja kapena m'malo okhala ndi fan yotulutsa utsi kuti mugwiritse ntchito. Kupanda kutero, tsegulani mawindo kuti mupereke mpweya wabwino kwambiri wakunja.

Tayani zidebe zodzaza pang'ono za mankhwala akale kapena osafunikira mosamala.

Popeza mpweya umatuluka ngakhale kuchokera m'mabotolo otsekedwa, njira imodzi iyi ingathandize kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mankhwala achilengedwe m'nyumba mwanu. (Onetsetsani kuti zinthu zomwe mwasankha kusunga zasungidwa osati pamalo opumira bwino okha komanso pamalo otetezeka omwe ana sangafikire.) Musangotaya zinthu zosafunikirazi m'chidebe cha zinyalala. Dziwani ngati boma lanu kapena bungwe lililonse m'dera lanu limathandizira masiku apadera osonkhanitsira zinyalala zapoizoni zapakhomo. Ngati masiku otere alipo, agwiritseni ntchito kutaya zidebe zosafunikira mosamala. Ngati palibe masiku otere osonkhanitsira, ganizirani zokonzekera chimodzi.

Gulani zinthu zochepa.

Ngati mumagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zinazake kapena nyengo zina, monga utoto, zochotsera utoto ndi mafuta a palafini pa zotenthetsera malo kapena mafuta a makina odulira udzu, gulani zomwe mungagwiritse ntchito nthawi yomweyo.

Pewani kukhudzidwa ndi mpweya wochokera ku zinthu zomwe zili ndi methylene chloride.

Zinthu zomwe anthu amagwiritsa ntchito zomwe zili ndi methylene chloride ndi monga zochotsera utoto, zochotsera zomatira, ndi utoto wopopera ndi aerosol. Methylene chloride imadziwika kuti imayambitsa khansa m'zinyama. Komanso, methylene chloride imasinthidwa kukhala carbon monoxide m'thupi ndipo ingayambitse zizindikiro zokhudzana ndi carbon monoxide. Werengani mosamala zilembo zomwe zili ndi chidziwitso cha zoopsa paumoyo ndi machenjezo okhudza kugwiritsa ntchito bwino zinthuzi. Gwiritsani ntchito zinthu zomwe zili ndi methylene chloride panja ngati n'kotheka; gwiritsani ntchito m'nyumba pokhapokha ngati malowo ali ndi mpweya wabwino.

Musamavutike kwambiri ndi benzene.

Benzene ndi mankhwala odziwika bwino omwe amayambitsa khansa m'thupi la munthu. Magwero akuluakulu a mankhwala awa m'nyumba ndi awa:

• utsi wa fodya woteteza chilengedwe
• mafuta osungidwa
• zinthu zopaka utoto
• kutulutsa mpweya m'magalimoto olumikizidwa

Zochita zomwe zimachepetsa kukhudzana ndi benzene ndi izi:

• kuthetsa kusuta fodya m'nyumba
• kupereka mpweya wabwino kwambiri panthawi yopaka utoto
• kutaya zinthu zopaka utoto ndi mafuta apadera omwe sadzagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi yomweyo

Pewani kukhudzana ndi mpweya wa perchloroethylene wochokera ku zinthu zotsukidwa kumene zouma.

Perchloroethylene ndi mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poyeretsa ndi kuuma. Mu kafukufuku wa labotale, awonetsedwa kuti amayambitsa khansa mwa nyama. Kafukufuku waposachedwapa akusonyeza kuti anthu amapuma mankhwala ochepa awa m'nyumba zomwe amasungiramo zinthu zotsukidwa ndi kuuma komanso akamavala zovala zotsukidwa ndi kuuma. Otsuka ndi kuuma amabwezeretsa perchloroethylene panthawi yoyeretsa ndi kuuma kuti athe kusunga ndalama poigwiritsanso ntchito, ndipo amachotsa mankhwala ambiri panthawi yokanikiza ndi kumaliza. Komabe, otsuka ndi kuuma ena samachotsa perchloroethylene yambiri momwe angathere nthawi zonse.

Kuchita zinthu mwanzeru kuti muchepetse kukhudzana ndi mankhwala amenewa.

• Ngati zinthu zotsukidwa ndi dayamondi zili ndi fungo lamphamvu la mankhwala mukazitenga, musazilandire mpaka zitauma bwino.
• Ngati katundu wokhala ndi fungo la mankhwala akubwezereni paulendo wotsatira, yesani chotsukira chosiyana.

 

Kuchokera ku https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/volatile-organic-compounds-impact-indoor-air-quality